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Abstract. The role of the large amounts of polyols accumulated by the fungal tomato pathogen, Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Fulvia fulva, Cooke) both in planta and in axenic cultures has been examined. Arabinitol and glycerol accumulated in response to hyper-osmotic stress in vitro. Mannitol levels were lower in osmo-stressed mycelium. 13C NMR spectroscopy indicated that carbon flow from glucose to mannitol...
Abstract. C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase: EC 4.1.1.31) is subjected to in vivo regulatory phosphorylation by a light up-regulated, calcium-independent protein kinase. Salt stress greatly enhanced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase-kinase (PEPCase-k) activity in leaves of Sorghum. The increase in PEPCase-k anticipated the time course of proline accumulation thereby suggesting that water stress...
Magainin is one of the earliest reported antimicrobial peptides isolated from skin secretions of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. A synthetic substitution analogue of magainin, MSI-99, is employed in this study to impart disease resistance in transgenic tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) and banana [( Musa spp. cv. Rasthali (AAB)]. This peptide inhibited the growth and spore germination of Fusarium...
Abstract. Iron is an essential micronutrient with numerous cellular functions, and its deficiency represents one of the most serious problems in human nutrition worldwide. Plants have two major problems with iron as a free ion: its insolubility and its toxicity. To ensure iron acquisition from soil and to avoid iron excess in the cells, uptake and homeostasis are tightly controlled. Plants meet the...
Abstract. The activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzymeA reductase, sterol methyl transferase1 and sterol acyltransferase, key enzymes involved in phytosterol biosynthesis were shown to be co-ordinately regulated during oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seed development. In both plants, enzyme activities were low during the initial stages of seed development,...
Abstract. In order to understand the characteristics of recombinant protein expression and sublocalization in rice (Oryza sativa L.) endosperm, we examined the expression level of human lysozyme protein and its subcellular location in transgenic rice seeds driven by rice glutelin and globulin promoters and signal peptides. A time course of human lysozyme expression during endosperm development was...
Abstract. Evidence is provided for a close link between glutamate (Glu) synthesis and the production of reducing power by the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Alfeo) root plastids. A rapid procedure for isolating organelles gave yields of plastids of over 30%, 60% of which were intact. The formation of Glu by intact plastids fed with glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate,...
Abstract. The functions of two key, trichome-expressed genes were assessed using different posttranscriptional gene silencing strategies (PTGS). Efficient RNA interference (RNAi) revealed the function of a cembratriene-ol (CBT-ol) cyclase gene responsible for conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to CBT-ols, and verified the function of a P450 gene responsible for conversion of CBT-ols to CBT-diols...
Abstract. Jasmonic acid (JA) has long been hypothesized to be an important regulator of insect-induced volatile emission; however, current models are based primarily on circumstantial evidence derived from pharmacological studies. Using beet armyworm caterpillars (BAW: Spodoptera exigua) and intact corn seedlings, we examine this hypothesis by measuring both the time-course of insect-induced JA levels...
Abstract. The nucleosome assembly protein1 (NAP1) is considered to be a conserved histone chaperone, facilitating the assembly of nucleosomes in all eukaryotes. However, studies in yeast and animal cells also indicated that NAP1 proteins have diverse functions likely independent of nucleosome-assembly activity. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of cDNAs encoding NAP1-like proteins...
Abstract. The relationship between the redox state of the photosystem (PS) I primary donor, P700, and thermal energy dissipation in PSI were examined in intact leaves using simultaneous measurements of absorbance changes at 830nm and variations of thermal emission monitored by photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy, respectively. A strict proportionality (close to a 1:1 ratio) was found between the magnitudes...
Abstract. In this work we test the hypothesis that yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) can be enhanced by increasing endosperm activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP), a key enzyme in starch biosynthesis. The potential for increases in yield exist because rice initiates more seeds than are taken to maturity and possesses excess photosynthetic capacity that could be utilized if there were more...
Abstract. An understanding of the relationship between the two components of helical growth (rotation rate and elongation rate) is fundamental to understanding the biophysical and molecular mechanism(s) of cell wall extension in algal cells, fungal cells, and plant stems and roots. Helical growth occurs throughout development of the sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Previous studies within...
Abstract. In suspension-cultured rice (Oryza sativa L.) cells, jasmonic acid (JA) functions as a signal transducer in elicitor N-acetylchitoheptaose-induced phytoalexin production. Differential screening of a cDNA library constructed using poly(A)+ RNA from suspension-cultured rice cells treated with JA (104M) for 2h yielded a cDNA for a gene that responded to exogenous JA by an increase in mRNA level...
Abstract. Nod factors are lipo-chito-oligosaccharides secreted by rhizobia that initiate many responses in the root hairs of the legume hosts, culminating in deformed hairs. The heterotrimeric G-protein agonists mastoparan, Mas7, melittin, compound 48/80 and cholera toxin provoke root hair deformation, whereas the heterotrimeric G-protein antagonist pertussis toxin inhibits mastoparan and Nod factor...
Abstract. Incorporation of [3H]arabinose and [14C]ferulic acid into soluble and polymeric fractions from suspension-cultured wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cells and the corresponding extracellular medium was studied. The major part of these products was identified as arabinoxylan and two proteins of 40 and 100kDa. The time course suggests an intracellular synthesis of feruloylated arabinoxylan with...
Abstract. The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) plays a crucial role in regulating the cell cycle of eukaryotic organisms including plants. From previous studies, it is known that ICK1, the first plant CDK inhibitor identified in Arabidopsis plants, interacts with Arath;CycD3;1 (CycD3) and Arath;CDKA;1 (Cdc2a). Overexpression of ICK1 has major effects on cell division, plant growth, and morphology. In...
Abstract. Seeds from near-isogenic hard and soft wheat lines were harvested at regular intervals from 5days post-anthesis to maturity and examined for hardness using the single kernel characterisation system (SKCS). SKCS analysis revealed that hard and soft lines could be distinguished from 15days post-anthesis (dpa). This trend continued until maturity where the difference between the hard and soft...
Abstract. Asymmetric divisions are key to regulating the number and patterning of stomata in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Many formative asymmetric divisions take place in neighbor cells (NCs), cells adjacent to a stoma or stomatal precursor. TOO MANY MOUTHS is a receptor-like protein required for the correct plane of NC division, resulting in the placement of the new precursor distal to the pre-existing...
Abstract. We compared the physiological and molecular responses of two Arabidopsis accessions, Col-0 and Ws-2, to ozone (O3) exposure. Observation of visible injury as well as ion-leakage analysis demonstrated clear differences between the O3-tolerant accession Col and the O3-sensitive accession Ws. RNA-blot analysis showed that O3-induced increases in mRNA levels of several ethylene-inducible genes...
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